“wriggling, banging of seats, scraping of feet, twisting, whispering, and flipping of note book leaves in the auditorium” (during a Sorokin lecture, 1924)

 

With all this talk of courtesy and etiquette going the rounds today, and classes on the subject organized voluntarily by pupils of our schools, I do wish some one would start a fad for courtesy in the public lecture room. We need it here in Decatur.

I’m prompted to this comment by the wriggling, banging of seats. scraping of feet twisting. whispering, and flipping of note book leaves in the auditorium last week when Dr. Pitirim Sorokine was speaking.

The audience composed of about equal proportions of townspeople and students, had difficulty in understanding his broken speech, so it gave up trying and wriggled, banged. and so on, until those who could understand were not permitted to hear.

Part of the fault may have lain with those who introduced the speaker. I think it would have stimulated personal interest if, instead of trying to explain his message, that had been left to him and explanation given instead about the man himself.

Who even in that noisy audience would not have sat quietly, for instance, if they had known that this man came out of Europe unable to speak a single word of English, and in one month was lecturing all over America in the language?

Instead of blaming him for his broken speech. and punishing him cruelly with noise. I think he would have been listened to with admiration and respect. None but would have given him just due for the accomplishment of a difficult feat–if they had known of it.

Dr. Sorokine had long been a student of English and could read and write it with ease. But to read and write, and to speak, are quite different things. as those of us who can struggle through a page of French. only to fall flat before pronunciation, can relate to our sorrow.

And in just one month he had conquered his ignorance of spoken English to such an extent that be spoke it in lectures before that most critical of all audiences in the world, students in a lecture room.

If any person in that audience, with two years gruelling drill in French, had been set before a Parisian audience to deliver a lecture on any subject, do you suppose they could have done it? And if the audience had been noisy, and then heaped the last insult by rising one by one and clumping out.

The Assistant Woman’s Editor.

— Let’s Talk It Over,” Decatur Herald (Decatur, IL), Tuesday, March 25, 1924, pg. 10

 

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EDITORIAL COMMENT: Let’s hear it for empathy.

 

— posted by Roger W. Smith

     May 2019

Roger W. Smith, comments occasioned by a reading of Sorokin’s “The Sociology of Revolution” and Glen Haydon’s paper on the first volume of “Social and Cultural Dynamics”

 

‘Sorokin’s Theory of Fluctuation of Forms of Music’ – American Musicological Soc Mtg 1938

 

I am reading Pitirim A. Sorokin’s groundbreaking work The Sociology of Revolution (1925) now. I am surprised how well it holds up after a century or so; it is quite good.

In addition, I had occasion to come across the following article (POSTED HERE ABOVE), which is based upon an analysis by a musicologist of the chapter on music* in the first volume of Sorokin’s Social and Cultural Dynamics:

“Sorokin’s Theory of Fluctuation of Forms of Music”

by Glen Haydon

Papers Read by Members of the American Musicological Society at the Annual Meeting (December 29th and 30th, 1938), pp. 74-83

Glen Haydon was an American musicologist instrumental in the founding of the Department of Music at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

 

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It has occurred to me that Sorokin’s strengths are also his weaknesses. The scope of his works is broad, his ambition and purpose in writing magisterial tomes that aim so high and attempt to go beyond dry sociology, beyond mere fact finding and data collection are impressive.

Yet, the scope often seems too broad; conclusions are often found to be erroneous when subjected to close analysis.

The “problem,” it seems to me, is that, while writing works of great originality and interest, of potentially great significance for humanity, Sorokin often wrote too hastily and not with the strict attention to accuracy of historical or sociological/cultural facts and data required of a scholar.

So that, as he tells us, in The Sociology of Revolution, he examines: “The Russian Revolutions of 1905, 1917-1924; and that of the seventeenth century ; the French Revolutions of 1789, 1848, 1870-71; the German Revolution of 1848; the English Revolution of the seventeenth century; some mediæval and antique revolutionary periods [such as the Bohemian Revolution of the fifteenth century]; the Egyptian, Persian, and other great revolutions.” Actually, most of his findings are based upon his deep knowledge, as a participant as well as a professor of sociology, of the Russian Revolution. And, there is a reasonable amount of coverage of the French Revolution, while other historical periods and revolutions are merely touched upon.

If one examines Sorokin’s copious footnotes in this work, one will readily see that he is writing not as a historian but as a sociologist engaged in the study of comparative societies and civilizations; and that, with the exception of the Russian Revolution, he did not have an in-depth knowledge of any of the other revolutions he studied (I would say haphazardly) and used to derive conclusions from. His sources are secondary sources (most of them read in Russian translation). What did Sorokin know about the Egyptian Revolution or “the great Greek and Roman Revolutions”? The answer: very little.

From a reading of Glen Haydon’s paper, one comes to essentially the same conclusion. Sorokin’s categorizations of ideational, idealistic, and sensate forms and periods of music rely on findings and conclusions about musical styles and works/composers that are often inaccurate. (And the imposition by Sorokin of his scholarly schema — an artifact, so to speak — upon the history of Western music. This from a professor, Sorokin. who had a deep appreciation and love, as an aesthete, of classical music.)

But, says Haydon:

In spite of my quarrels with many of the details of Sorokin’s treatment of music, I feel that I should be very remiss in my duty if I did not acknowledge some of the many and important values of the work. First of all, I want to pay tribute to the man who has had a sufficiently comprehensive insight into the intricacies of cultural history to enable him to evolve a theory applicable to all its ramifications; and who has had the courage to attempt to put it to the acid test of application within the several fields of art, science, philosophy, religion, and general sociology. In the midst of the ever-present necessity for specialization we need relief from the deadening effects of over-specialization; we need to gain a sympathetic insight into the nature and problems of other fields, and some notion of the long-range and immediate forces at work in the cultural processes of today. Certainly, Sorokin’s work constitutes a significant contribution to the overcoming of this difficulty. It is most stimulating to see him apply his methodology to very complex subject material. Nearly every page suggests a half dozen topics for further study and investi­gation. It seems to me this is one of the greatest values a book can have.

When I think of the profundity and impact of works of Sorokin such as The Sociology of Revolution, Hunger as a Factor in Human Affairs, The Crisis of Our Age, and Social and Cultural Mobility which are not aimed solely at sociologists, I find myself agreeing — extrapolating Haydon’s comments and placing them in a wider context — with the thrust of what Haydon was saying. Who can deny that Sorokin reached valid, significant conclusions of great import; that he was clear eyed and prophetic in his insight and vision?

So that, despite weak scholarly underpinnings, The Sociology of Revolution stands up under the test of time. Its conclusions are valid: “A society which has never known how to live, which has been incapable of carrying through adequate reforms, but has thrown itself in the arms of revolution, has to pay the penalty for its sins by the death of a considerable proportion of its members.” Revolutions are foreordained to failure and incomprehensible horrors.

 

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A final thought about Sorokin’s writings, which was expressed cogently by Sorokin’s fellow sociologist Lewis A. Coser:

It is at least plausible that his almost monomaniacal drive for learning was largely motivated by his desire to show the insiders that he, the outsider, could surpass them in command of vast bodies of literature. The man from Komi, who had never attended gymnasium, would demonstrate that he could master the ways of their culture more deeply and extensively than could they. His ambivalent desire for both acceptance and autonomy is reflected in the habit that was never to leave him: he would pile footnote upon footnote to indicate that he was at home in the whole storehouse of Western culture, while at the same time critically and often violently attacking almost all contemporary thinkers. He would show his colleagues that, though conversant with all the contributions of past and present thinkers, he remained his own man.

— Lewis A. Coser, Masters of Sociological Thought, pg. 505

This remark about Sorokin the arrogant and caustic scholar (Coser knew Sorokin personally) can be applied and extrapolated to my thoughts about Sorokin above, to how he went about writing his tomes. The scope of Sorokin’s reading and research was impressive, if not incredible, as can be seen in the two works discussed here. But merely perusing such a broad range of books in relevant areas and on pertinent topics that most sociologists would have overlooked does not amount to the kind of careful, painstaking scholarship that, say, a literary scholar, art historian, or musicologist might, in writing a single book, devote years to.

* “Fluctuations of Ideational, Sensate, and Mixed Forms of Music”; Chapter Twelve of Social and Cultural Dynamics, Volume 1: Fluctuations of Forms of Art, by Pitirim A. Sorokin (New York: American Book Company, 1937)

 

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Addendum: I took a course with Lewis A Coser, History of Sociological Theory, at Brandeis University.

 

— posted by Roger W. Smith

     May 2019

“I am no longer a revolutionist because revolution is catastrophe. I am no longer a Socialist, because Socialism is wrong.”

 

We had about three hundred and fifty miles to walk. To travel that distance without stopping at villages for food was impossible. In every village we ran great risk of arrest. To pass from one place to another it was necessary to get permission from the “Communistic Committee of Poor Peasants.” Red soldiers were patrolling the forests and special pickets watched all principal vistas. We thought of retreating into the deepest depths of the forest, building a hut and remaining there all winter. We considered also hiding in a house in a village, never appearing out of doors, and never speaking except to the master of the house. It sounds fantastic, but life is more fantastic than any fiction. Two of my friends saved their lives by that first plan and another by the second. This man lived for two years in a small house, never showing himself to anyone except his landlady, and in the end he escaped alive.

We continued to wander over the bosom of Nature, occasionally wishing we might see a little of civilization. In free moments we talked much about the Revolution, and doubts which had been born in my mind at the beginning of the upheaval grew to full size. In this wild forest the utter futility of all revolution, the vanity of all Socialism and Communism became clear to me. The catastrophe of the Revolution, the deep historic roots of Bolshevism, loathed by the majority, it is true, but having as its basis and its force the passive spirit of the Russian nation, overwhelmed me with its truth. Only when the people have suffered the fullest horrors of Bolshevism, only when they have passed completely through the tragic, perhaps the fatal experience of the Communist experiment, can their dreadful sickness be cured once and forever. Only then the poisons in which Bolshevism flourished would be purged from the organism of the Russian people. Only then would this damned passivity disappear and they be transformed from a people accustomed to tyranny to a self-governing nation.

Out of these meditations I wrote an address to my electors, sending it to my friends to be made public. I am no longer a revolutionist because revolution is catastrophe. I am no longer a Socialist, because Socialism is wrong. I released myself from responsibility as a member of the Constitutional Assembly, since the people would not support their own representative body. If they hope to have a ” Government of the people, tor the people, and by the people,” they themselves must be active and must cease to lean on leaders who, without their support, are powerless. Such was the essence of my message.

Many dazzling illusions, beautiful dreams in whose reality I had once believed, I lost during my meditations in the forest. They fled, I believe, forever. But I did not grieve over my lost illusions. Life and the world are so beautiful, so wonderful in their reality that illusions are necessary only to the blind and deaf and lame, for mental, moral, and physical cripples. Healthy persons have no need of illusions.

— Pitirim A. Sorokin, Leaves from a Russian Diary — and Thirty Years After; Part II: 1918; Chapter XII, “In the Bosom of Nature” (Boston: Beacon Press, 1950), pp 171-173

 

— posted by Roger W. Smith

     May 2019

a telling criticism

 

[C. Wright Mills’s] The Sociological Imagination … was a collection of literary essays–some brilliant, others pedestrian-that permitted the profession to engage in the sort of self-analysis that too few people in the sociological positivism of the 1950s were prepared to engage in. True enough Pitirim Sorokin made a similar effort [in his Fads and Foibles in Modern Sociology and Related Sciences], but it was so laden with moral judgments and psychological mysticism that it could not penetrate to the heart of the issues raised by the dominant tendencies toward empiricism. Sorokin in his own distinct way, like [Talcott] Parsons, became captive to generalizations that were so rich in tautology and platitudes that we forgot how often devoid they were in specific reference points. [italics added]

— Irving Louis Horowitz, “C. Wright Mills, 1916-1962: Bright Lights and Dark Shadows,” Contemporary Sociology, Vol. 41, No. 4 (July 2012), pg. 415

 

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What I would be inclined to say is that the late Irving Louis Hortwitz, a distinguished American sociologist, made an excellent point — in this article about C. Wright Mills — about Pitirim A. Sorokin’s shortcomings as a scholar and writer. True, it was only a passing remark.

Horowitz was a student of Mills at Columbia University and edited two posthumous collections of Mills’s work. Note that he also found fault with the writings of Sorokin’s nemesis Talcott Parsons!

 

— Roger W. Smith

     April 2019

a bourgeois feudalist; Sorokin attacked by Lenin for his views on “sexual anarchy”

 

Chapter VI of Pitirim A. Sorokin’s The Sociology of Revolution is entitled “The Perversion of Sexual Reactions.” As is true of many of the earliest writings of Sorokin published in English, conclusions in the chapter were based on ideas and empirical data he had previously published in Russian journals abroad (mostly, immediately post emigration, in Prague). There is a foreshadowing of some of the opinions underpinning late works of Sorokin. For example, sexual licentiousness in Russia post-Revolution, and the loosening of sexual mores described by Sorokin in The American Sex Revolution.

In a footnote to Chapter VI (The Sociology of Revolution; Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1925, pg. 83), Sorokin writes:

See … the answer of Lenin to my article (Economist, No. 1, 1922) which points to the growth of sexual license, as one of the features of the revolution. After showering a whole bucketful of abuse against me, Lenin qualifies this growth as a priceless acquisition of the revolution, which, it appears, has liberated 50 per cent. of the population from hypocrisy, imposture and all bourgeois trammels. See Lenin’s introductory article for the magazine “Under the Banner of Marxism,” Nos. 2-3 (Russ.).

The article referred to by Sorokin is his “Влияние войны на компонентную структуру населения: ее особенности и социальная организация” (Vliyaniye voyny na komponentnuyu strukturu naseleniya: yeye osobennosti i sotsial’naya organizatsiya; The Influence of War on the Componential Structure of the Population: Its Characteristics and Social Organization), Economist 1 (1922): 77-107.

Below is a translation of the article of Lenin in which the commentary referred to by Sorokin occurs:

Ленин В.И, “О значении воинствующего материализма,” под знаменем марксизма, Nos. 2-3 (1922) (V. I. Lenin, On the Significance of Militant Materialism), Pod Znamenem Marksizma (Under the Banner of Marxism), Nos. 2-3 (1922)

The paragraphs with commentary on Sorokin’s articles are in boldface.

 

— posted by Roger W. Smith

     April 2019

 

acknowledgment: I wish to thank Alexander Lunkov of the Russian Academy of Sciences for his kindness in providing me with information on how to obtain a published version of the Russian text of Sorokin’s Economist article.

 

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V. I. Lenin

On the Significance of Militant Materialism

Written: 12 March 1922

First Published: Pod Znamenem Marksizma No. 3.

Source: Lenin, Collected Works , Progress Publishers, Moscow, Volume 33, 1972, pp. 227-236 Translated: David Skvirsky and George Hanna

 

Comrade Trotsky has already said everything necessary, and said it very well, about the general purposes of Pod Znamenem Marksizma in issue No. 1-2 of that journal. I should like to deal with certain questions that more closely define the content and programme of the work which its editors have set forth in the introductory statement in this issue.

This statement says that not all those gathered round the journal Pod Znamenem Marksizma are Communists but that they are all consistent materialists. I think that this alliance of Communists and non-Communists is absolutely essential and correctly defines the purposes of the journal. One of the biggest and most dangerous mistakes made by Communists (as generally by revolutionaries who have successfully accomplished the beginning of a great revolution) is the idea that a revolution can be made by revolutionaries alone. On the contrary, to be successful, all serious revolutionary work requires that the idea that revolutionaries are capable of playing the part only of the vanguard of the truly virile and advanced class must be understood and translated into action. A vanguard performs its task as vanguard only when it is able to avoid being isolated from the mass of the people it leads and is able really to lead the whole mass forward. Without an alliance with non-Communists in the most diverse spheres of activity there can be no question of any successful communist construction.

This also applies to the defence of materialism and Marxism, which has been undertaken Pod Znamenem Marksizma. Fortunately, the main trends of advanced social thinking in Russia have a solid materialist tradition. Apart from G. V. Plekhanov, it will be enough to mention Chernyshevsky, from whom the modern Narodniks (the Popular Socialists, Socialist-Revolutionaries, etc.) have frequently retreated in quest of fashionable reactionary philosophical doctrines, captivated by the tinsel of the so-called last word in European science, and unable to discern beneath this tinsel some variety of servility to the bourgeoisie, to bourgeois prejudice and bourgeois reaction.

At any rate, in Russia we still have — and shall undoubtedly have for a fairly long time to come — materialists from the non-communist camp, and it is our absolute duty to enlist all adherents of consistent and militant materialism in the joint work of combating philosophical reaction and the philosophical prejudices of so-called educated society. Dietzgen senior — not to be confused with his writer son, who was as pretentious as he was unsuccessful — correctly, aptly and clearly expressed the fundamental Marxist view of the philosophical trends which prevail in bourgeois countries and enjoy the regard of their scientists and publicists, when he said that in effect the professors of philosophy in modern society are in the majority of cases nothing but “graduated flunkeys of clericalism “.

Our Russian intellectuals, who, like their brethren in all other countries, are fond of thinking themselves advanced, are very much averse to shifting the question to the level of the opinion expressed in Dietzgen’s words. But they are averse to it because they cannot look the truth in the face. One has only to give a little thought to the governmental and also the general economic, social and every other kind of dependence of modern educated people on the ruling bourgeoisie to realise that Dietzgen’s scathing description was absolutely true. One has only to recall the vast majority of the fashionable philosophical trends that arise so frequently in European countries, beginning for example with those connected with the discovery of radium and ending with those which are now seeking to clutch at the skirts of Einstein , to gain an idea of the connection between the class interests and the class position of the bourgeoisie and its support of all forms of religion on the one hand, and the ideological content of the fashionable philosophical trends on the other.

It will be seen from the above that a journal that sets out to be a militant materialist organ must be primarily a militant organ, in the sense of unflinchingly exposing and indicting all modern “graduated flunkeys of clericalism”, irrespective of whether they act as representatives of official science or as free lances calling themselves “democratic Left or ideologically socialist” publicists.

In the second place, such a journal must be a militant atheist organ. We have departments, or at least state institutions, which are in charge of this work. But the work is being carried on with extreme apathy and very unsatisfactorily, and is apparently suffering from the general conditions of our truly Russian (even though Soviet) bureaucratic ways. It is therefore highly essential that in addition to the work of these state institutions, and in order to improve and infuse life into that work, a journal which sets out to propagandise militant materialism must carry on untiring atheist propaganda and an untiring atheist fight. The literature on the subject in all languages should be carefully followed and everything at all valuable in this sphere should be translated, or at least reviewed.

Engels long ago advised the contemporary leaders of the proletariat to translate the militant atheist literature of the late eighteenth century for mass distribution among the people. We have not done this up to the present, to our shame be it said (this is one of the numerous proofs that it is much easier to seize power in a revolutionary epoch than to know how to use this power properly). Our apathy, inactivity and incompetence are sometimes excused on all sorts of “lofty” grounds, as, for example, that the old atheist literature of the eighteenth century is antiquated, unscientific, naive, etc. There is nothing worse than such pseudo-scientific sophistry, which serves as a screen either for pedantry or for a complete misunderstanding of Marxism. There is, of course, much that is unscientific and naive in the atheist writings of the eighteenth-century revolutionaries. But nobody prevents the publishers of these writings from abridging them and providing them with brief postscripts pointing out the progress made by mankind in the scientific criticism of religions since the end of the eighteenth century, mentioning the latest writings on the subject, and so forth. It would be the biggest and most grievous mistake a Marxist could make to think that the millions of the people (especially the peasants and artisans), who have been condemned by all modern society to darkness, ignorance and superstitions — can extricate themselves from this darkness only along the straight line of a purely Marxist education. These masses should be supplied with the most varied atheist propaganda material, they should be made familiar with facts from the most diverse spheres of life, they should be approached in every possible way, so as to interest them, rouse them from their religious torpor, stir them front the most varied angles and by the most varied methods, and so forth.

The keen, vivacious and talented writings of the old eighteenth-century atheists wittily and openly attacked the prevailing clericalism and will very often prove a thousand times more suitable for arousing people from their religious torpor than the dull and dry paraphrases of Marxism, almost completely unillustrated by skillfully selected facts, which predominate in our literature and which (it is no use hiding the fact) frequently distort Marxism. We have translations of all the major works of Marx and Engels. There are absolutely no grounds for fearing that the old atheism and old materialism will remain un-supplemented by the corrections introduced by Marx and Engels. The most important thing — and it is this that is most frequently overlooked by those of our Communists who are supposedly Marxists, but who in fact mutilate Marxism — is to know how to awaken in the still undeveloped masses an intelligent attitude towards religious questions and an intelligent criticism of religions.

On the other hand, take a glance at modern scientific critics of religion. These educated bourgeois writers almost invariably “supplement” their own refutations of religious superstitions with arguments which immediately expose them as ideological slaves of the bourgeoisie, as “graduated flunkeys of clericalism”.

Two examples. Professor R. Y. Wipper published in 1918 a little book entitled Vozniknovenie Khristianstva (The Origin of Christianity — Pharos Publishing House, Moscow). In his account of the principal results of modern science, the author not only refrains from combating the superstitions and deception which are the weapons of the church as a political organisation, not only evades these questions, but makes the simply ridiculous and most reactionary claim that he is above both “extremes” — the idealist and the materialist. This is toadying to the ruling bourgeoisie, which all over the world devotes to the support of religion hundreds of millions of rubles from. the profits squeezed out of the working people.

The well-known German scientist, Arthur Drews, while refuting religious superstitions and fables in his book, Die Christusmythe (The Christ Myth), and while showing that Christ never existed, at the end of the book declares in favour of religion, albeit a renovated, purified and more subtle religion, one that would be capable of withstanding “the daily growing naturalist torrent” (fourth German edition, 1910, p. 238). Here we have an out-spoken and deliberate reactionary, who is openly helping the exploiters to replace the old, decayed religious superstitions by new, more odious and vile superstitions.

This does not mean that Drews should not be translated. It means that while in a certain measure effecting an alliance with the progressive section of the bourgeoisie, Communists and all consistent materialists should unflinchingly expose that section when it is guilty of reaction. It means that to shun an alliance with the representatives of the bourgeoisie of the eighteenth century, i.e., the period when it was revolutionary, would be to betray Marxism and materialism; for an “alliance” with the Drewses, in one form or another and in one degree or another., is essential for our struggle against the predominating religious obscurantists.

Pod Znamenem Marksizma, which sets out to be an organ of militant materialism, should devote much of its space to atheist propaganda, to reviews of the literature on the subject and to correcting the immense shortcomings of our governmental work in this field. It is particularly important to utilise books and pamphlets which contain many concrete facts and comparisons showing how the class interests and class organisations of the modern bourgeoisie are connected with the organisations of religious institutions and religious propaganda.

All material relating to the United States of America, where the official. state connection between religion and capital is less manifest, is extremely important. But, on the other hand, it becomes all the clearer to us that so-called modern democracy (which the Mensheviks, the Socialist-Revolutionaries, partly also the anarchists, etc., so unreasonably worship) is nothing but the freedom to preach whatever is to the advantage of the bourgeoisie, to preach, namely, the most reactionary ideas, religion, obscurantism, defence of the exploiters, etc.

One would like to hope that a journal which sets out to be a militant materialist organ will provide our reading public with reviews of atheist literature, showing for which circle of readers any particular writing might be suitable and in what respect, and mentioning what literature has been published in our country (only decent translations should be given notice, and they are not so many), and what is still to be published.

In addition to the alliance with consistent materialists who do not belong to the Communist Party, of no less and perhaps oven of more importance for the work which militant materialism should perform is an alliance with those modern natural scientists who incline towards materialism and are not afraid to defend and preach it as against the modish philosophical wanderings into idealism and scepticism which are prevalent in so-called educated society.

The article by A. Timiryazev on Einstein’s theory of relativity published in Pod Znamenem Marksizma No. 1-2 permits us to hope that the journal will succeed in effecting this second alliance too. Greater attention should be paid to it. It should be remembered that the sharp upheaval which modern natural science is undergoing very often gives rise to reactionary philosophical schools and minor schools. trends and minor trends. Unless, therefore, the problems raised by the recent revolution in natural science are followed, and unless natural scientists are enlisted in the work of a philosophical journal, militant materialism can be neither militant nor materialism. Timiryazev was obliged to observe in the first issue of the journal that the theory of Einstein, who, according to Timiryazev, is himself not making any active attack on the foundations of materialism, has already been seized upon by a vast number of bourgeois intellectuals of all countries; it should be noted that this applies not only to Einstein, but to a number, if not to the majority, of the great reformers of natural science since the end of the nineteenth century.

For our attitude towards this phenomenon to be a politically conscious one, it must be realised that no natural science and no materialism can hold its own in the struggle against the onslaught of bourgeois ideas and the restoration of the bourgeois world outlook unless it stands on solid philosophical ground. In order to hold his own in this struggle and carry it to a victorious finish, the natural scientist must be a modern materialist, a conscious adherent of the materialism represented by Marx, i.e., he must be a dialectical materialist. In order to attain this aim, the contributors to Pod Znamenem Marksizma must arrange for the systematic study of Hegelian dialectics from a materialist standpoint, i.e., the dialectics which Marx applied practically in his Capital and in his historical and political works, and applied so successfully that now every day of the awakening to life and struggle of new classes in the East (Japan, India, and China) — i.e., the hundreds of millions of human beings who form the greater part of the world population and whose historical passivity and historical torpor have hitherto conditioned the stagnation and decay of many advanced European countries — every day of the awakening to life of new peoples and new classes serves as a fresh confirmation of Marxism.

Of course, this study, this interpretation, this propaganda of Hegelian dialectics is extremely difficult, and the first experiments in this direction will undoubtedly be accompanied by errors. But only he who never does anything never makes mistakes. Taking as our basis Marx’s method of applying materialistically conceived Hegelian dialectics, we can and should elaborate this dialectics from all aspects, print in the journal excerpts from Hegel’s principal works, interpret them materialistically and comment on them with the help of examples of the way Marx applied dialectics, as well as of examples of dialectics in the sphere of economic and political relations, which recent history, especially modern imperialist war and revolution, provides in unusual abundance. In my opinion, the editors and contributors of Pod Znamenem Marksizma should be a kind of “Society of Materialist Friends of Hegelian Dialectics”. Modern natural scientists (if they know how to seek, and if we learn to help them) will find in the Hegelian dialectics, materialistically interpreted, a series of answers to the philosophical problems which are being raised by the revolution in natural science and which make the intellectual admirers of bourgeois fashion “stumble” into reaction.

Unless it sets itself such a task and systematically fulfills it, materialism cannot be militant materialism. It will be not so much the fighter as the fought, to use an expression of Shchedrin’s. Without this, eminent natural scientists will as often as hitherto he helpless in making their philosophical deductions and generalisations. For natural science is progressing so fast and is undergoing such a profound revolutionary upheaval in all spheres that it cannot possibly dispense with philosophical deductions.

In conclusion, I will cite an example which has nothing to do with philosophy, but does at any rate concern social questions, to which Pod Znamenem Marksizma also desires to devote attention.

It is an example of the way in which modern pseudo-science actually serves as a vehicle for the grossest and most infamous reactionary views.

I was recently sent a copy of Ekonomist No. 1 (1922), published by the Eleventh Department of the Russian Technical ‘Society. The young Communist who sent me this journal (he probably had no time to read it) rashly expressed considerable agreement with it. In reality the journal is — I do not know to what extent deliberately — an organ of the modern feudalists, disguised of course under a cloak of science, democracy and so forth.

A certain Mr. P. A. Sorokin publishes in this journal an extensive, so-called “sociological”, inquiry on “The Influence of the War”. This learned article abounds in learned references to the “sociological” works of the author and his numerous teachers and colleagues abroad. Here is an example of his learning.

On page 83, I read:

“For every 10,000 marriages in Petrograd there are now 92.2 divorces — a fantastic figure. Of every 100 annulled marriages, 51.1 had lasted less than one year, 11 per cent less than one month, 22 per cent less than two months, 41 per cent less than three to six months and only 26 per cent over six months. These figures show that modern legal marriage is a form which conceals what is in effect extra-marital sexual intercourse, enabling lovers of ‘strawberries’ to satisfy their appetites in a ‘legal’ way” (Ekonomist No. 1, p. 83)

imageedit_1_2414224728 (2)

Both this gentleman and the Russian Technical Society, which publishes this journal and gives space to this kind of talk, no doubt regard themselves as adherents of democracy and would consider it a great insult to be called what they are in fact, namely, feudalists, reactionaries, “graduated. flunkeys of clericalism”.

Even the slightest acquaintance with the legislation of bourgeois countries on marriage, divorce and illegitimate children, and with the actual state of affairs in this field, is enough to show anyone interested in the subject that modern bourgeois democracy, even in all the most democratic bourgeois republics, exhibits a truly feudal attitude in this respect towards women and towards children born out of wedlock.

This, of course, does not prevent the Mensheviks, the Socialist-Revolutionaries, a part of the anarchists and all the corresponding parties in the West from shouting about democracy and how it is being violated by the Bolsheviks. But as a matter of fact the Bolshevik revolution is the only consistently democratic revolution in respect to such questions as marriage, divorce and the position of children born out of wedlock. And this is a question which most directly affects the interests of more than half the population of any country. Although a large number of bourgeois revolutions preceded it and called themselves democratic, the Bolshevik revolution was the first and only revolution to wage a resolute struggle in this respect both against reaction and feudalism and against the usual hypocrisy of the ruling and propertied classes.

If 92 divorces for every 10,000 marriages seem to Mr. Sorokin a fantastic figure, one can only suppose that either the author lived and was brought up in a monastery so entirely walled off from life that hardly anyone will believe such a monastery ever existed, or that he is distorting the truth in the interest of reaction and the bourgeoisie. Anybody in the least acquainted with social conditions in bourgeois countries knows that the real number of actual divorces (of course, not sanctioned by church and law) is everywhere immeasurably greater. The only difference between Russia and other countries in this respect is that our laws do not sanctify hypocrisy and the debasement of the woman and her child, but openly and in the name of the government declare systematic war on all hypocrisy and all debasement.

The Marxist journal will have to wage war also on these modern “educated” feudalists. Not a few of them, very likely, are in receipt of government money and are employed by our government to educate our youth, although they are no more fitted for this than notorious perverts are fitted for the post of superintendents of educational establishments for the young.

The working class of Russia proved able to win power; but it has not yet learned to utilise it, for otherwise it would have long ago very politely dispatched such teachers and members of learned societies to countries with a bourgeois “democracy” That is the proper place for such feudalists.

But it will learn, given the will to learn.

March 12, 1922

 

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Also posted here, below, are

Sorokin’s Economist article, as a PDF file

Sorokin, ‘The Influence of War on the Compositional Structure of the Population’ (Russian)

The full text in Russian of Lenin’s article

 

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Ленин В.И.

О значении воинствующего материализма

 

Об общих задачах журнала “Под Знаменем Марксизма” тов. Троцкий в № 1—2 сказал уже все существенное и сказал прекрасно. Мне хотелось бы остановиться на некоторых вопросах, ближе определяющих содержание и программу той работы, которая провозглашена редакцией журнала во вступительном заявлении к № 1—2.

В этом заявлении говорится, что не все объединившиеся вокруг журнала “Под Знаменем Марксизма” — коммунисты, но все последовательные материалисты. Я думаю, что этот союз коммунистов с некоммунистами является безусловно необходимым и правильно определяет задачи журнала. Одной из самых больших и опасных ошибок коммунистов (как и вообще революционеров, успешно проделавших начало великой революции) является представление, будто бы революцию можно совершить руками одних революционеров. Напротив, для успеха всякой серьезной революционной работы необходимо понять и суметь претворить в жизнь, что революционеры способны сыграть роль лишь как авангард действительно жизнеспособного и передового класса. Авангард лишь тогда выполняет задачи авангарда, когда он умеет не отрываться от руководимой им массы, а действительно вести вперед всю массу. Без союза с некоммунистами в самых различных областях деятельности ни о каком успешном коммунистическом строительстве не может быть и речи.

Это относится и к той работе защиты материализма и марксизма, за которую взялся журнал “Под ЗнаменемМарксизма”. У главных направлений передовой общественной мысли России имеется, к счастью, солидная материалистическая традиция. Не говоря уже о Г. В. Плеханове, достаточно назвать Чернышевского, от которого современные народники (народные социалисты, эсеры и т. п.) отступали назад нередко в погоне за модными реакционными философскими учениями, поддаваясь мишуре якобы “последнего слова” европейской науки и не умея разобрать под этой мишурой той или иной разновидности прислужничества буржуазии, ее предрассудкам и буржуазной реакционности.

Во всяком случае, у нас в России есть еще — и довольно долго, несомненно, будут — материалисты из лагеря некоммунистов, и наш безусловный долг привлекать к совместной работе всех сторонников последовательного и воинствующего материализма в борьбе с философской реакцией и с философскими предрассудками так называемого “образованного общества”. Дицген-отец, которого не надо смешивать с его столь же претенциозным, сколь неудачным литератором-сынком, выразил правильно, метко и ясно основную точку зрения марксизма на господствующие в буржуазных странах и пользующиеся среди их ученых и публицистов вниманием философские направления, сказавши, что профессора философии в современном обществе представляют из себя в большинстве случаев на деле не что иное, как “дипломированных лакеев поповщины”.

Наши российские интеллигенты, любящие считать себя передовыми, как, впрочем, и их собратья во всех остальных странах, очень не любят перенесения вопроса в плоскость той оценки, которая дана словами Дицгена. Но не любят они этого потому, что правда колет им глаза. Достаточно сколько-нибудь вдуматься в государственную, затем общеэкономическую, затем бытовую и всяческую иную зависимость современных образованных людей от господствующей буржуазии, чтобы понять абсолютную правильность резкой характеристики Дицгена. Достаточно вспомнить громадное большинство модных философских направлений, которые так часто возникают в европейских странах, начиная хотя бы с тех, которые были связаны с открытием радия, и кончая теми, которые теперь стремятся уцепиться за Эйнштейна,— чтобы представить себе связь между классовыми интересами и классовой позицией буржуазии, поддержкой ею всяческих форм религий и идейным содержанием модных философских направлений.

Из указанного видно, что журнал, который хочет быть органом воинствующего материализма, должен быть боевым органом, во-первых, в смысле неуклонного разоблачения и преследования всех современных “дипломированных лакеев поповщины”, все равно, выступают ли они в качестве представителей официальной науки или в качестве вольных стрелков, называющих себя “демократическими левыми или идейно-социалистическими” публицистами.

Такой журнал должен быть, во-вторых, органом воинствующего атеизма. У нас есть ведомства или, по крайней мере, государственные учреждения, которые этой работой ведают. Но ведется эта работа крайне вяло, крайне неудовлетворительно, испытывая, видимо, на себе гнет общих условий нашего истинно русского (хотя и советского) бюрократизма. Чрезвычайно существенно поэтому, чтобы в дополнение к работе соответствующих государственных учреждений, в исправление ее и в оживление ее, журнал, посвящающий себя задаче — стать органом воинствующего материализма, вел неутомимую атеистическую пропаганду и борьбу. Надо внимательно следить за всей соответствующей литературой на всех языках, переводя или, по крайней мере, реферируя все сколько-нибудь ценное в этой области.

Энгельс давно советовал руководителям современного пролетариата переводить для массового распространения в народе боевую атеистическую литературу конца XVIII века. К стыду нашему, мы до сих пор этого не сделали (одно из многочисленных доказательств того, что завоевать власть в революционную эпоху гораздо легче, чем суметь правильно этою властью пользоваться). Иногда оправдывают эту нашу вялость, бездеятельность и неумелость всяческими “выспренними” соображениями: например, дескать, старая атеистическая литература XVIII века устарела, ненаучна, наивна и т. п. Нет ничего хуже подобных, якобы ученых, софизмов, прикрывающих либо педантство, либо полное непонимание марксизма. Конечно, и ненаучного, и наивного найдется не мало в атеистических произведениях революционеров XVIII века. Но никто не мешает издателям этих сочинений сократить их и снабдить короткими послесловиями с указанием на прогресс научной критики религий, проделанный человечеством с конца XVIII века, с указанием на соответствующие новейшие сочинения и т. д. Было бы величайшей ошибкой и худшей ошибкой, которую может сделать марксист, думать, что многомиллионные народные (особенно крестьянские и ремесленные) массы, осужденные всем современным обществом на темноту, невежество и предрассудки, могут выбраться из этой темноты только по прямой линии чисто марксистского просвещения. Этим массам необходимо дать самый разнообразный материал по атеистической пропаганде, знакомить их с фактами из самых различных областей жизни, подойти к ним и так и эдак для того, чтобы их заинтересовать, пробудить их от религиозного сна, встряхнуть их с самых различных сторон, самыми различными способами и т. п.

Бойкая, живая, талантливая, остроумно и открыто нападающая на господствующую поповщину публицистика старых атеистов XVIII века сплошь и рядом окажется в тысячу раз более подходящей для того, чтобы пробудить людей от религиозного сна, чем скучные, сухие, не иллюстрированные почти никакими умело подобранными фактами пересказы марксизма, которые преобладают в нашей литературе и которые (нечего греха таить) часто марксизм искажают. Все сколько-нибудь крупные произведения Маркса и Энгельса у нас переведены. Опасаться, что старый атеизм и старый материализм останутся у нас недополненными теми исправлениями, которые внесли Маркс и Энгельс, нет решительно никаких оснований. Самое важное — чаще всего именно это забывают наши якобы марксистские, а на самом деле уродующие марксизм коммунисты — это суметь заинтересовать совсем еще неразвитые массы сознательным отношением к религиозным вопросам и сознательной критикой религий.

С другой стороны, взгляните на представителей современной научной критики религий. Почти всегда эти представители образованной буржуазии “дополняют” свое же собственное опровержение религиозных предрассудков такими рассуждениями, которые сразу разоблачают их как идейных рабов буржуазии, как “дипломированных лакеев поповщины”.

Два примера. Проф. Р. Ю. Виппер издал в 1918 году книжечку “Возникновение христианства” (изд. “Фарос”. Москва). Пересказывая главные результаты современной науки, автор не только не воюет с предрассудками и с обманом, которые составляют оружие церкви как политической организации, не только обходит эти вопросы, но заявляет прямо смешную и реакционнейшую претензию подняться выше обеих “крайностей”: и идеалистической и материалистической. Это— прислужничество господствующей буржуазии, которая во всем мире сотни миллионов рублей из выжимаемой ею с трудящихся прибыли употребляет на поддержку религии.

Известный немецкий ученый, Артур Древс, опровергая в своей книге “Миф о Христе” религиозные предрассудки и сказки, доказывая, что никакого Христа не было, в конце книги высказывается за религию, только подновленную, подчищенную, ухищренную, способную противостоять “ежедневно все более и более усиливающемуся натуралистическому потоку” (стр. 238 4-го немецкого издания, 1910 года). Это—реакционер прямой, сознательный, открыто помогающий эксплуататорам заменять старые и прогнившие религиозные предрассудки новенькими, еще более гаденькими и подлыми предрассудками.

Это не значит, чтобы не надо было переводить Древса. Это значит, что коммунисты и все последовательные материалисты должны, осуществляя в известной мере свой союз с прогрессивной частью буржуазии, неуклонно разоблачать ее, когда она впадает в реакционность. Это значит, что чураться союза с представителями буржуазии XVIII века, т. е. той эпохи, когда она была революционной, значило бы изменять марксизму и материализму, ибо “союз” с Древсами в той или иной форме, в той или иной степени для нас обязателен в борьбе с господствующими религиозными мракобесами.

Журнал “Под Знаменем Марксизма”, который хочет быть органом воинствующего материализма, должен уделять много места атеистической пропаганде, обзору соответствующей литературы и исправлению громадных недочетов нашей государственной работы в этой области. Особенно важно использование тех книг и брошюр, которые содержат много конкретных фактов и сопоставлений, показывающих связь классовых интересов и классовых организаций современной буржуазии с организациями религиозных учреждений и религиозной пропаганды.

Чрезвычайно важны все материалы, относящиеся к Соединенным Штатам Северной Америки, в которых меньше проявляется официальная, казенная, государственная связь религии и капитала. Но зато нам яснее становится, что так называемая “современная демократия” (перед которой так неразумно разбивают свой лоб меньшевики, эсеры и отчасти анархисты и т. п.) представляет из себя не что иное, как свободу проповедовать то, что буржуазии выгодно проповедовать, а выгодно ей проповедовать самые реакционные идеи, религию, мракобесие, защиту эксплуататоров и т. п.

Хотелось бы надеяться, что журнал, который хочет быть органом воинствующего материализма, даст нашей читающей публике обзоры атеистической литературы с характеристикой, для какого круга читателей и в каком отношении могли бы быть подходящими те или иные произведения, и с указанием того, что появилось у нас (появившимся надо считать только сносные переводы, а их не так много) и что должно быть еще издано.

Кроме союза с последовательными материалистами, которые не принадлежат к партии коммунистов, не менее, если не более важен для той работы, которую воинствующий материализм должен проделать, союз с представителями современного естествознания, которые склоняются к материализму и не боятся отстаивать и проповедовать его против господствующих в так называемом “образованном обществе” модных философских шатаний в сторону идеализма и скептицизма.

Помещенная в 1—2 номере журнала “Под Знаменем Марксизма” статья А. Тимирязева о теории относительности Эйнштейна позволяет надеяться, что журналу удастся осуществить и этот второй союз. Надо обратить на него побольше внимания. Надо помнить, что именно из крутой ломки, которую переживает современное естествознание, родятся сплошь да рядом реакционные философские школы и школки, направления и направленьица. Поэтому следить за вопросами, которые выдвигает новейшая революция в области естествознания, и привлекать к этой работе в философском журнале естествоиспытателей — это задача, без решения которой воинствующий материализм не может быть ни в коем случае ни воинствующим, ни материализмом. Если Тимирязев в первом номере журнала должен был оговорить, что за теорию Эйнштейна, который сам, по словам Тимирязева, никакого активного похода против основ материализма не ведет, ухватилась уже громадная масса представителей буржуазной интеллигенции всех стран, то это относится не к одному Эйнштейну, а к целому ряду, если не к большинству великих преобразователей естествознания, начиная с конца XIX века.

И для того чтобы не относиться к подобному явлению бессознательно, мы должны понять, что без солидного философского обоснования никакие естественные науки, никакой материализм не может выдержать борьбы против натиска буржуазных идей и восстановления буржуазного миросозерцания. Чтобы выдержать эту борьбу и провести ее до конца с полным успехом, естественник должен быть современным материалистом, сознательным сторонником того материализма, который представлен Марксом, то есть должен быть диалектическим материалистом. Чтобы достигнуть этой цели, сотрудники журнала “Под Знаменем Марксизма” должны организовать систематическое изучение диалектики Гегеля с материалистической точки зрения, т. е. той диалектики, которую Маркс практически применял и в своем “Капитале” и в своих исторических и политических работах и применял с таким успехом, что теперь каждый день пробуждения новых классов к жизни и к борьбе на Востоке (Япония, Индия, Китай),— т. е. тех сотен миллионов человечества, которые составляют большую часть населения земли и которые своей исторической бездеятельностью и своим историческим сном обусловливали до сих пор застой и гниение во многих передовых государствах Европы,— каждый день пробуждения к жизни новых народов и новых классов все больше и больше подтверждает марксизм.

Конечно, работа такого изучения, такого истолкования и такой пропаганды гегелевской диалектики чрезвычайно трудна, и, несомненно, первые опыты в этом отношении будут связаны с ошибками. Но не ошибается только тот, кто ничего не делает. Опираясь на то, как применял Маркс материалистически понятую диалектику Гегеля, мы можем и должны разрабатывать эту диалектику со всех сторон, печатать в журнале отрывки из главных сочинений Гегеля, истолковывать их материалистически, комментируя образцами применения диалектики у Маркса, а также теми образцами диалектики в области отношений экономических, политических, каковых образцов новейшая история, особенно современная империалистическая война и революция дают необыкновенно много. Группа редакторов и сотрудников журнала “Под Знаменем Марксизма” должна быть, на мой взгляд, своего рода “обществом материалистических друзей гегелевской диалектики”. Современные естествоиспытатели найдут (если сумеют искать и если мы научимся помогать им) в материалистически истолкованной диалектике Гегеля ряд ответов на те философские вопросы, которые ставятся революцией в естествознании и на которых “сбиваются” в реакцию интеллигентские поклонники буржуазной моды.

Без того, чтобы такую задачу себе поставить и систематически ее выполнять, материализм не может быть воинствующим материализмом. Он останется, употребляя щедринское выражение, не столько сражающимся, сколько сражаемым. Без этого крупные естествоиспытатели так же часто, как до сих пор, будут беспомощны в своих философских выводах и обобщениях. Ибо естествознание прогрессирует так быстро, переживает период такой глубокой революционной ломки во всех областях, что без философских выводов естествознанию не обойтись ни в коем случае.

В заключение приведу пример, не относящийся к области философии, но во всяком случае относящийся к области общественных вопросов, которым также хочет уделить внимание журнал “Под Знаменем Марксизма”.

Это один из примеров того, как современная якобы наука на самом деле служит проводником грубейших и гнуснейших реакционных взглядов.

Недавно мне прислали журнал “Экономист” № 1 (1922 г.), издаваемый XI отделом “Русского технического общества”. Приславший мне этот журнал молодой коммунист (вероятно, не имевший времени ознакомиться с содержанием журнала) неосторожно отозвался о журнале чрезвычайно сочувственно. На самом деле журнал является, не знаю насколько сознательно, органом современных крепостников, прикрывающихся, конечно, мантией научности, демократизма и т. п.

Некий г. П. А. Сорокин помещает в этом журнале обширные якобы “социологические” исследования “О влиянии войны”. Ученая статья пестрит учеными ссылками на “социологические” труды автора и его многочисленных за граничных учителей и сотоварищей. Вот какова его ученость:

На странице 83-й читаю:

“На 10 000 браков в Петрограде теперь приходится 92,2 развода — цифра фантастическая, причем из 100 расторгнутых браков 51,1 были продолжительностью менее одного года, 11%—менее одного месяца, 22% —менее двух месяцев, 41%—менее 3—6 месяцев и лишь 26%—свыше 6 месяцев. Эти цифры говорят, что современный легальный брак — форма, скрывающая по существу внебрачные половые отношения и дающая возможность любителям “клубники” “законно” удовлетворять свои аппетиты” (“Экономист” № 1, стр. 83-я).

Нет сомнения, что и этот господин, и то русское техническое общество, которое издает журнал и помещает в нем подобные рассуждения, причисляют себя к сторонникам демократии и сочтут за величайшее оскорбление, когда их назовут тем, что они есть на самом деле, т. е. крепостниками, реакционерами, “дипломированными лакеями поповщины”.

Самое небольшое знакомство с законодательством буржуазных стран о браке, разводе и внебрачных детях, а равно с фактическим положением дела в этом отношении покажет любому интересующемуся вопросом человеку, что современная буржуазная демократия, даже во всех наиболее демократических буржуазных республиках, проявляет себя в указанном отношении именно крепостнически по отношению к женщине и по отношению к внебрачным детям.

Это не мешает, конечно, меньшевикам, эсерам и части анархистов и всем соответствующим партиям на Западе продолжать кричать о демократии и о ее нарушении большевиками. На самом деле, именно большевистская революция является единственной последовательно демократической революцией в отношении к таким вопросам, как брак, развод и положение внебрачных детей. А это вопрос, затрагивающий самым непосредственным образом интересы большей половины населения в любой стране. Только большевистская революция впервые, несмотря на громадное число предшествовавших ей и называющих себя демократическими буржуазных революций, провела решительную борьбу в указанном отношении, как против реакционности и крепостничества, так и против обычного лицемерия правящих и имущих классов.

Если г. Сорокину 92 развода на 10000 браков кажется цифрой фантастической, то остается предположить, что либо автор жил и воспитывался в каком-нибудь настолько загороженном от жизни монастыре, что в существование подобного монастыря едва кто-нибудь поверит, либо что этот автор искажает правду в угоду реакции и буржуазии. Всякий сколько-нибудь знакомый с общественными условиями в буржуазных странах человек знает, что фактическое число фактических разводов (конечно, не санкционированных церковью и законом) повсюду неизмеримо больше. Россия в этом отношении отличается от других стран только тем, что ее законы не освящают лицемерия и бесправного положения женщины и ее ребенка, а открыто и от имени государственной власти объявляют систематическую войну против всякого лицемерия и всякого бесправия.

Марксистскому журналу придется вести войну и против подобных современных “образованных” крепостников. Вероятно, не малая их часть получает у нас даже государственные деньги и состоит на государственной службе для просвещения юношества, хотя для этой цели они годятся не больше, чем заведомые растлители годились бы для роли надзирателей в учебных заведениях для младшего возраста.

Рабочий класс в России сумел завоевать власть, но пользоваться ею еще не научился, ибо, в противном случае, он бы подобных преподавателей и членов ученых обществ давно бы вежливенько препроводил в страны буржуазной “демократии”. Там подобным крепостникам самое настоящее место.

Научится, была бы охота учиться.

12. III. 1922.

“Под Знаменем Марксизма” № 3, март 1922 г. Подпись: Н. Ленин

a photo of Sorokin and Kerensky

 

Kerensky, Sorokin meet in Boston – Christian Sci Monitor 3-9-1938

 

This photo appeared in The Christian Science Monitor (published in Boston, Massachusetts) in the following article:

“Kerensky Sees Fall of Soviet Dictatorship: Colleagues of Revolution Meet in Boston

The Christian Science Monitor

March 9, 1938

pg. 10

On the evening of March 9, the day the article appeared, Kerensky spoke at the Ford Hall Forum in Boston. His lecture was entitled “On Behalf of Democracy.”

In the conclusion of the article, it is stated: “The last meeting between Mr. Kerensky and his secretary [Sorokin] occurred nearly 18 years ago in Berlin. This was four years after Mr. Kerensky’s escape and already the Soviet Regime was sending its roots into Russian soil. Yet like his former superior, Sorokin believes the Soviet Union some day will collapse.”

 

— posted by Roger W Smith

     April 2019

“Denies U.S. Recognition Will Bring Soviet Trade” (article by Sorokin, Washington Post, 1922)

 

‘Denies U. S. Recognition Will Bring Soviet Trade’ (by Sorokin) – Washington Post 4-26-1925

333 ‘Denies U. S. Recognition Will Bring Soviet Trade’ (by Sorokin) – Washington Post 4-26-1925

 

Denies U.S. Recognition Will Bring Soviet Trade

By Pitirim Sorokin

The Washington Post

April 26, 1925, pg. 3

 

The entire article is posted (above) as a PDF file and in my own transcription as a Word document.

 

posted by Roger W. Smith

my Sorokin books

 

my Sorokin books

The attached Word document (above) contains an inventory of books by and about Pitirim A. Sorokin in my personal home library.

 

— Roger W. Smith

     October 2022