Sorokin to Edward A. Ross (July 1922)

 

Sorokin to Edward A. Ross

 

The following letter (in Russian) to the American sociologist Edward A. Ross of the University of Wisconsin was written by Sorokin in July 1922, when Sorokin was in St Petersburg..

 

ГЛУБОКОУВАЖАЕМЫЙ КОЛЛЕГА!

Позволю себе послать Вам мою небольшую заметку* о Вашей прекрасной книге, случайно попавшей в Петроград, любезно предоставленной мне для прочтения глубокоу-важаемым г. Кини, представителем Христианского Союза молодых людей.

Вместе с этим позволю обратиться к Вам и через Вас другим американским социологам с большой просьбой: мы, русские социологи, до сих пор оторваны от амери-канской и европейской социологии,  – книг и журналов. Этот духовный голод чувствуется нами острее, чем мате-риальный. Я лично, выпустивший за эти годы два тома «Системы социологии» (многотомная работа) и «Голод как фактор», не имею литературы зарубежной, вышед-шей после 1916/17 гг. (кроме немногих книг, в частности книг профессора Е. С. Hayes ‘а, любезно им присланных недавно).

Этим Вы очень обрадуете нас и принесете большую пользу. Лично я, как проводник американской социологии в России (и вообще чрезвычайно высоко ставящий Аме-риканское общество), был бы чрезвычайно признателен Вам.

Если правительство России даст мне разрешение – то я намерен через месяца два-три прибыть в Америку и пробыть в ней год или два, чтобы хорошо изучить американскую социологию, многому научиться, а с другой стороны – поделиться и с вами знаниями и, в частности, большим опытом и выводами, полученными из нашего великого трагического эксперимента.

Если Вы позволите – я очень бы желал посетить Вас и поучиться у Вас.

в заключение в позвольте еще обеспокоить Вас одной просьбой. Вам, конечно, известно, что революция сде-лала и ученых бедными. Я еду в Америку без субсидий государства, рассчитывая только на свой мозг и мускулы. Для существования я должен буду искать какой-нибудь работы. Не были бы добры как-нибудь помочь мне в этом отношении? Я готов делать какую угодно работу, не исключая и мускульной, лишь бы она была мне по силам и не была морально унизительной. Я молод (еще 32 года) и жена – преподавательница ботаники в Агрономическом институте (26 лет), и потому мы можем – если не найдется интеллектуальной работы – работать физически.

Вы очень обязали бы нас, если бы помогли нам в этом отношении. Простите за просьбу – нормально не очень тактичную, но наши исключительные ненормальные условия вынуждают к ней и делают в известной мере извинительными».

 

DEAR COLLEAGUE!

Let me send you my little note about your wonderful book,* which happened to be in Petrograd, kindly provided to me for reading by Mr. Keeny,** a representative of the Young People’s Christian Union.

At the same time, I will take the liberty to address you, and through you, other American sociologists, with a big request: we Russian sociologists are still divorced from American and European sociology, books, and magazines. This spiritual hunger is felt more acutely by us than material hunger. I personally, who over the years have published two volumes of System of Sociology (a multi-volume work) and Hunger as a Factor, have had access to no foreign literature since 1916/17 (except for a few books, in particular the books of Professor E. C. Hayes, kindly sent to them recently).

Under such conditions, perhaps you will not find it a tactless request: to send your works of recent years and to ask other American sociologists and, in particular, The American Journal of Sociology, to do the same generously.

You will greatly please us with this and it will be a great benefit. Personally, as an expositor of American sociology in Russia (and having, in general, an extremely high regard for American society), I would be extremely grateful to you.

If the Russian government gives me permission, then I intend to come to America in two or three months and stay there for a year or two in order to study American sociology in depth, to learn a lot, and on the other hand, to share with you the knowledge and, in particular, the profound experience and conclusions obtained from our great tragic experiment.

If you allow it, I would very much like to visit and learn from you.

Let me further bother you with one request. You know, of course, that the revolution has made scholars poor. I am going to America without state subsidies, relying only on my brain and body. To exist, I will have to look for some kind of work. Would you be kind enough to help me in any way in that regard? I am ready to do any work, not excluding physical, as long as it is within my power and is not morally humiliating. I am young (32 years old) and my wife is a teacher of botany at the Agronomic Institute (26 years old), and therefore we can – if there be no intellectual work – work physically.

You would be very obliged to us if you could help us in this regard. Sorry for the request – which is not per se very tactful, but our exceptionally abnormal conditions necessitate and make it to a certain extent excusable.

translation from the Russian by Roger W. Smith

 

*Edward Alsworth Ross, Foundations of Sociology (1905)

**Spurgeon M. (Sam) Keeny, a friend of Sorokin’s, who had served during World War I as a Y.M.C.A. volunteer with the British Army. At the time of Sorokin’s letter, he was serving with the American Relief Administration (ARA) headed by Herbert Hoover.

 

*****************************************************

 

Probably we would have settled in Czechoslovakia “permanently” as teachers in one of the Czech universities if I had not received invitations from two distinguished American sociologists, Edward C. Hayes of the University of Illinois and Edward A. Ross of the University of Wisconsin. They invited me to come to America to deliver a series of lectures on the Russian Revolution. These unexpected invitations radically changed the course of our subsequent life. For many years before, I had been greatly interested in the United States and had studied American social, economic, and political institutions and theories, American culture, literature, and the way of life. …. I greatly admired the American people, democracy, and way of life. This admiration was seemingly so great that many of my friends and colleagues in Russia even nicknamed me “a Russian-American.”

A Long Journey: The Autobiography of Pitirim A. Sorokin, pg. 200

 

— posted by Roger W. Smith

     March 2022

 

Edward Alsworth Ross

post updated

 

‘Pitirim Sorokin at Vassar College’

 

My post

Питирим Сорокин в Вассар Колледже (Pitirim Sorokin at Vassar College)

posted at

Питирим Сорокин в Вассар Колледже

has been updated to include my English translation (downloadable Word document above) of the following article:

Питирим Сорокин в Вассар Колледже: по материалам местной прессы (Pitirim Sorokin at Vassar College: Based on Local Press Accounts)

By Natalia S. Sergieva and Roger W. Smith

Наследие (Heritage), No. 2 (19), 2021, pp. 50-69

 

— Roger W. Smith

Питирим Сорокин в Вассар Колледже

 

Binder1

‘Pitirim Sorokin at Vassar College’

 

Posted here (PDF file above) is the following article:

Сергиева Н.С., Роджер В. Смит, Питирим Сорокин в Вассар Колледже: по материалам местной прессы (Pitirim Sorokin v Vassar Kolledzhe: po materialam mestnoy pressy)

Natalia S. Sergieva and Roger W. Smith, Pitirim Sorokin at Vassar College: Based on Local Press Accounts

Наследие (Heritage), No. 2 (19), 2021, pp.  50-69

An English translation by Roger W. Smith (downloadable Word document above) has also been posted here.

The press accounts have been drawn from local newspapers such as the Poughkeepsie Evening Star & Enterprise, the Poughkeepsie Eagle-News, and the Vassar Miscellany News.

 

– posted by Roger W. Smith

     March 2022

scholarly publications of Helen P. Sorokin

 

Helen P. Sorokin – articles

 

Helen P. Sorokin
A Study of Meiosis in Ranunculus acris
American Journal of Botany, Vol. 14, No. 2 (February 1927), pp. 76-84

Helen Sorokin – American J of Botany, February 1927 (2)

Helen Sorokin
The Chromosomes of Ranunculus acris
The American Naturalist, Vol. 61, No. 677 (November-December 1927), pp. 571-574

Helen Sorokin – American Naturalist, Nov-Dec 1927 (2)

 

Helen Sorokin
Variation in Homoeotypic Division in Ranunculus acris
American Journal of Botany, Vol. 14, No. 10 (December 1927), pp. 565-581

Helen Sorokin – American J of Botany, December 1927 (2)

 

A. L. Sommer and Helen Sorokin
Effects of the Absence of Boron and of Some Other Essential Elements on the Cell and Tissue Structure of the Root Tips of Pisum sativum
Plant Physiology, Vol. 3, No. 3 (July 1928), pp. 237-260

A. L. Sommer and Helen Sorokin – Plant Physiology, July 1928 (2)

Helen Sorokin and Anna L. Sommer
Changes in the Cells and Tissues of Root Tips Induced by the Absence of Calcium Author(s):
American Journal of Botany, Vol. 16, No. 1 (January 1929), pp. 23-39

Helen Sorokin and Anna L. Sommer – American J of Botany, January 1929 (2)

Helen Sorokin
Idiograms, Nucleoli, and Satellites of Certain Ranunculaceae
American Journal of Botany, Vol. 16, No. 6 (June 1929), pp. 407-420

Helen Sorokin – American J of Botany, June 1929 (2)

 

Helen Sorokin
Mitochondria and Plastids in Living Cells of Allium Cepa
American Journal of Botany, Vol. 25, No. 1 (January 1938), pp. 28-33

Helen Sorokin – American J of Botany, January 1938 (2)

 

Helen Sorokin and Anna L. Sommer
Effects of Calcium Deficiency Upon the Roots of Pisum sativum
American Journal of Botany, Vol. 27, No. 5 (May 1940), pp. 308-318

Helen P. Sorokin and Anna L. Sommer – American J of Botany, May 1940 (2)

 

Helen Sorokin
The Distinction between Mitochondria and Plastids in Living Epidermal Cells
American Journal of Botany, Vol. 28, No. 6 (June 1941), pp. 476-485

Helen Sorokin – American J of Botany, June 1941 (2)

 

Helen P. Sorokin
Mitochondria and Spherosomes in the Living Epidermal Cell
American Journal of Botany, Vol. 42, No. 3 (March 1955), pp. 225-231

Helen P. Sorokin – American J of Botany, March 1955 (2)

Helen P. Sorokin
Mitochondria and Precipitates of A-Type Vacuoles in Plant Cells
Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, Vol. 36, No. 2/3 (April-July 1955), pp. 293-304 (published by Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University)

Helen P. Sorokin – J of the Arnold Arboretum, April-July 1955 (2)

 

Helen P. Sorokin and Sergei Sorokin
Staining of Mitochondria with Neotetrazolium Chloride
American Journal of Botany, Vol. 43, No. 3 (March 1956), pp. 183-190

Helen P. Sorokin and Sergei Sorokin – American J of Botany, March 1956 (2)

 

Helen P. Sorokin
Studies on Living Cells of Pea Seedlings. I. Survey of Vacuolar Precipitates, Mitochondria, Plastids, and Spherosomes
American Journal of Botany, Vol. 43, No. 10 (December 1956), pp. 787-794

Helen P. Sorokin – American J of Botany, December 1956 (2)

Helen P. Sorokin
Studies on Living Cells of Pea Seedlings. II. Intercellular Tubular Matter
Helen P. Sorokin
American Journal of Botany, Vol. 45, No. 6 (June 1958), pp. 504-513

Helen P. Sorokin – American J of Botany, June 1958 (2)

Helen P. Sorokin, S. N. Mathur and Kenneth V. Thimann
The Effects of Auxins and Kinetin on Xylem Differentiation in the Pea Epicotyl
American Journal of Botany, Vol. 49, No. 5 (May-June 1962), pp. 444-454

Helen P. Sorokin et al. – American J of Botany, May-June 1962 (2)

 

Helen P. Sorokin
Why Should We Subscribe to a Translation of Doklady?
AIBS Bulletin, Vol. 12, No. 3 (June 1962), pp. 35-56

Helen P. Sorokin, ‘Why Should We Subscribe to a Translation of Doklady’ – AIBS Bulletin, June 1962 (2)

Helen P. Sorokin
The Destruction of Xylem by a Plasmodial Parasite in Seedlings of Pisum sativum
American Journal of Botany, Vol. 51, No. 3 (March 1964), pp. 299-306

Helen P. Sorokin – American J of Botany, March 1964 (2)

 

Helen P. Sorokin
The Spherosomes and the Reserve Fat in Plant Cells
American Journal of Botany, Vol. 54, No. 8 (September 1967), pp. 1008-1016

Helen P. Sorokin – American J of Botany, September 1967 (2)

 

— posted by Roger W. Smith

     February 2022

“Revolutionary Gardener”

 

“Revolutionary Gardener”

Faculty Profile

By Dennis E. Brown

The Harvard Crimson

May 1, 1954

 

One morning nearly five years after the Russian Revolution of 1917, an article headlined “Professor Sorokin” appeared in Pravda. Written by Lenin himself, the article stated that though Sorokin had never agreed with the Bolsheviks, he was a true revolutionary at heart. Russia, Lenin concluded, “needs his mind.”

To the man who had spent weeks in an over-crowded prison in north Russia, this statement meant an unexpected salvation. Each day between the hours of four and twelve, guards had entered his cellblock to read off a list of names. “This was a kindly invitation to be shot,” Sorokin recalls, and he adds that most of the prisoners were almost willing to accept. The prison conditions were bad, food was nearly as limited at space, and disease was a commonplace.

But once freed, Sorokin still refused to collaborate with the Bolsheviks and after several close escapes, managed to smuggle himself out of the country. “What a relief,” he recalls, “to cross the border and know that this time they could not come after me.” Sorokin’s last flight from Russia marked the end of an active, fifteen-year career as a revolutionary and gave him the opportunity to continue his work in sociology. Before leaving Russia in 1922, he had become prominent in both fields.

Sorokin usually attributes his early rise in Russia’s political and educational circles to “mistaken ideas about my ability” and “just plain luck.” To ability and chance, his friends would add firm conviction and a tenacity which has brought him both trouble, in the form of political imprisonment, and fame. “This is my stubbornness,” he says: “I regard it a man’s main duty to tell the truth as he sees it.”

As early as 1905, Professor Sorokin was telling his truths to factory workers and villagers in his own Russian district. The son of an artisan, he understood the working class, and because of his talents as an orator and pamphleteer, he soon became a top leader in the Social Revolutionary Party.

Underground Lessons

The years of political activity that followed were lessons in the technique of the underground. Police methods under the Tsars were comparatively lenient, he discovered, because the dying regime was old and soft. Often prisons became centers of revolutionary activity. But the “super heated Turkish bath” that followed 1917 was another matter. Sorokin had enjoyed a few months respite under the Kerensky government as secretary to the Prime Minister and editor of the party newspaper. When the Bolsheviks stormed the Petrograd Garrison, however, it meant that the other socialist parties would be again outlawed and persecuted.

Looking back at his experiences with the Bolsheviks, Sorokin remembers some lighter incidents, although he was hunted almost continually by the secret police. On one occasion, he was sentenced to Peter and Paul Prison where he found many of the elite from former regimes and parties. These old political enemies, from Tsarists to Anarchists, decided to issue prison society notes, which began “The social season at Peter and Paul resort opened brilliantly today . . . .”

At other times, it was harder to laugh. During one summer, Sorokin was forced to hide in the forests of northern Russia. Living off whatever food he could find, he remained there until the first snowfall drove him back to the cities.

Throughout the hardships that political activity caused in those times, Sorokin miraculously managed to pursue his studies in sociology. He was a prolific writer, and long before coming to the United States, had published several texts on the subject. In 1923 he came to this country with an invitation to teach at the University of Minnesota. Eight years later, President Lowell asked him to form the first Sociology Department at Harvard. The University had possessed a grant for such a department since 1906, and officials felt that in Sorokin, they at last had a man who could do the job.

Creative Altruism

His job, as chairman of the new department, lasted fourteen years. Professor Sorokin was only too glad to end what he calls his “Roosevelt term” and devote his time to a project he had long considered. A witness to the revolutions in Russia and two world wars, he had lived with violence and always opposed it. In his mind, the one hope for civilization was the development of man’s creative over his destructive impulses. To study the problem, he has established the Harvard Research Center in Creative Altruism.

Sorokin tackles his new work with the vigor of the young revolutionary who debated with Lenin and Trotsky. He has never lost the ability to support a cause he believes in, and does so in characteristically strong language. To his long list of writings, most of which have been translated into other languages, he has added several new volumes on altruism. Pointing proudly to a bulky, orange book on his desk, he remarked, “They are even writing books about my books now.”

His garden in Winchester is a source of pride almost equal to his literary accomplishments. Each year, nearly ten thousand visitors stop to admire the azaleas which he plants and tends alone. This season, as in the past, he predicts a bad year for the flowers, his last touch with the rural Russia of his youth. Almost unfailingly, however, the plants have survived oppressive frosts, and like their gardener, continue to grow.

 

— posted by Roger W. Smith

“the fact of stratification is universal”

 

Any organized social group is always a stratified social body. There has not been and does not exist any permanent social group which is “flat,” and in which all members are equal. Unstratified society, with a real equality of its members, is a myth which has never been realized in the history of mankind. …

Except, perhaps, the few cases where the members of a population are leading an isolated life, where no permanent social life and interaction exist, where, therefore, we do not have a social organization in the proper sense of the word, as soon as organization begins primitive social groups exhibit the trait of stratification. … Traditional opinion about primitive groups as communistic societies which do not have any commerce or private property, or economic inequality, or inheritance of fortune, are far from being correct. …

If we cannot find a non-stratified society among the most primitive groups, it is useless to try to find it among more advanced, larger and compound societies. Here, without any single exception, the fact of stratification is universal. … Among all agricultural and, especially, industrial societies social stratification has been conspicuous and clear. The modern democracies also do not present any exception to the rule. Though in their constitutions it is said that “all men are equal,” only a quite naive person may infer from this a non-existence of social stratification within these societies. It is enough to mention the gradations: from Henry Ford to a beggar; from the President of the United States to a policeman; from a foreman to the most subordinate worker; from the president of a university to a janitor; from an “LL.D.” or “Ph.D.” to a “B.A.”; from a “leading authority” to an average man; from a commander-in-chief of an army to a soldier; from a president of a board of directors of a corporation to its common laborer; from an editor-in-chief of a newspaper to a simple reporter; it is enough to mention these various ranks and social gradations to see that the best democracies have social stratification scarcely less than the non-democratic societies. …

Family, church, sect, political party, faction, business organization, gang of brigands, labor union, scientific society—in brief, any organized social group is stratified at the price of its permanency and organization. The organization even of groups of ardent levelers, and the permanent failure of all attempts to build a non-stratified group, testify to the imminency and unavoidability of stratification in an organized social group. This remark may appear somewhat strange to many people who, under the influence of high-sounding phraseology, may believe that, at least, the societies of the levelers themselves are non-stratified. This belief, as many another one, is utterly wrong. Different attempts to exterminate social feudalism have been successful, in the best cases, only in ameliorating some of the inequalities, and in changing the concrete forms of stratification. They have never succeeded in annihilating stratification itself. … all attempts of the most ardent levelers in the history of all countries have had the same fate. They could not avoid it even when the faction of the levelers has been victorious. The failure of the Russian Communism is only an additional example in a long series of similar experiments performed on small and large scale, sometimes peacefully, as in many religious sects, sometimes violently, as in social revolutions of the past and present. If many forms of stratification were destroyed for a moment, they regularly reappeared again in the old or in a modified form, often being built by the hands of the levelers themselves.

Present democracies and Socialist, Communist, Syndicalist, and other organizations, with their slogan of “equality” do not present any exception to the rule. In regard to democracies this has been shown above. … The enormous potential taste for inequality of numerous “levelers” becomes at once conspicuous, as soon, indeed, as they happen to be victorious. In such cases they often exhibit a greater cruelty and contempt toward the masses than former kings and rulers. This has been repeated regularly in victorious revolutions where the levelers become dictators. …

Social stratification is a permanent characteristic of any organized society.

Pitirim A. Sorokin, Social Mobility (1927). Chapter II

 

— posted by Roger W. Smith

       January 2022

Sorokin, “Opinions are not the rules for actions.”

 

See my post

“Opinions are not the rules for actions.”

at

“Opinions are not the rules for actions.”

Roger W. Smith

Peter P. Sorokin

 

Peter Pitirimovich Sorokin obit – PNAS

Peter Pitirimovich Sorokin obit – Physics Today

re Peter P. Sorokin discoveries – NY Herald Tribune 12-15-1960 (2)

Peter P. Sorokin awarded patent for new laser – NY Times 4-25-1964 (2)

Peter Sorokin marriage – Los Angeles Times 12-4-1977 (2)

 

Peter P. Sorokin

 

The family of Sorokin and the careers of his two sons are of intrinsic interest to me.

I have posted here items re Sorokin’s oldest son, Peter P. Sorokin (1935-2015).  They are self-explanatory.

 

Roger W. Smith

a recorded Sorokin lecture

 

I have always wanted to hear a recording of Sorokin lecturing and what his voice sounded like. I recall reading somewhere that his pronunciation in English was atrocious — it was something that, despite his linguistic skills, he never became proficient at.

Now, thanks to the Pitirim A. Sorokin Foundation, we have such a recording, available online at

This recording is from a Sorokin lecture entitled “The Mysterious Energy of Love” and is from an original tape that belonged to Sorokin. The recording is comprised of a fragment approximately ten minutes in length from the entire lecture, which was two and a half hours long.

The lecture was given in 1959 at an undisclosed university.

See transcript in my post

“The Mysterious Energy of Love”

“the mysterious energy of love”

— recorded by Roger W. Smith

     January 2022

“Sorokin always wanted to go back to Russia.”

 

“Sorokin always wanted to go back to Russia and be received again in his home university.* As time went on and he became successful in the U.S.A., this idea became more and more important to him. His hopes for that were particularly high after the death of Stalin. However, he mentioned a number of times that he would not dare return to Russia unless Khrushchev himself told him that it was all right and removed any danger from such a trip. He did send all his books and publications back to the library of his University — Leningrad. Nothing came of this in relation to forgiveness or elimination of the exile terms to himself. In 1958 we went together to West Germany to a meeting of the International Institut de Sociologie. After our week of formal meetings the German Universities arranged for all of us to have a week’s conduct tour together through East Germany to West Berlin and back to see the situations [sic] there. Sorokin did not at that time feel that he dared even cross over territory occupied by the Russians because the alternative to his banishment was death. I may have imaged these thoughts of Sorokin, but at least they have lived with me for some years.”

— Carle C. Zimmerman, Sorokin: The World’s Greatest Sociologist: His Life and Ideas on Social Time and Change (Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada: University of Saskatchewan, 1968), pg. 86

*Saint Petersburg Imperial University, now Saint Petersburg State University

 

— posted by Roger W. Smith

    November 2021